Spotlight: Engineering cost out of CMC: Where process, platform and production choices change the economics

Why COGS stays stubbornly high: The recurring technical and operational drivers of cost across CGT programme from starting materials and batch failure rates to logistics and facility utilisation.

Where cost reduction is real (and where it isn’t): Which technologies, process innovations and production models have delivered measurable COGS impact and which promised efficiencies fail under GMP reality.

Decentralised, centralised, or hybrid: What emerging European production models (hospital-adjacent, intermediary hubs, modular facilities) reveal about balancing cost, control and scalability.

Designing for flexibility, not perfection: How building manufacturing systems that tolerate change (dose, indication, geography) reduces long-term cost more effectively than over-optimised early builds.