Spotlight: In vivo by design: What had to change to move from promise to predictable clinical signal

The early in vivo reality check: What initially limited delivery, expression or safety—and how those constraints forced changes in platform design, dosing strategy or target selection.

From isolated signal to repeatability: What it actually took to move from eye-catching early data to reproducible clinical performance and which assumptions did not survive contact with patients.

Designing with friction in mind: How learnings from preclinical and early clinical setbacks are now informing smarter programme design, indication choice and development sequencing.

Implications for the broader field: What this journey suggests about where in vivo is best positioned today and where expectations still need recalibration.